Eco-Friendly Geopolymer Composites Prepared from Agro-Industrial Wastes: A State-of-the-Art Review

Portland cement (PC) is a common material used in civil infrastructure engineering. Cement production emits roughly 2.2 billion tons of CO2 per year, contributing 8% global emissions 2016. This contributes to almost half the calcination process, and together with thermal combustion, clinker generation could be responsible for 90% sector’s emissions. One effective technique dealing these industrial by-product wastes employ them make replacements such as concrete mortar, which can variety applications. As result, purpose this research review current advancements, challenges, future perspectives on utilization agro-industrial waste (AIW) produced around world cement-based products. Geopolymers (GPs), other hand, reduce carbon dioxide have potential complete or partial replacement PC construction sector. The GP technology enables use AIW combination an alumina–silicate (A–S) phase minimal environmental impact. GP-cement mostly by activating alkali silicates sols secondary raw materials calcined clays, fly ash (FA), zeolite, metakaolin, etc. Mixing various resource materials, including additives, A–S, sols, concentrations, optimizing curing temperature, SiO2/Na2O ratio, microstructural behavior, factors, results outstanding mechanical durability characteristics. concludes that AIW-based geopolymer composites shown promising terms their properties, durability, sustainability, makes emerge building applications wide range industries.